Dear Craig, >>>Why do you think Bardon, who undoubtedly knew what he was doing, included so large a section of PME if it is 'essentially useless'? Was he mistaken? What were his motivations?<<< The answer is quite simiple, and has been adressed upon numberous other occasions: to get published. It is commonly assumed that Bardon put forth the section upon the hierachy of the spirits due to the fact that his work would not get published if he did not put this material forth. This assertation is given further creidence by the theory section of PME that essentially says the same thing. >>>It seems to me you view the entities discussed as having little objective reality - to the extent that one person's encounter might be radically different to another (ie: subjective), or that a genuine encounter might be *veiled* through expectation, or that, indeed, "this sort of problem will manifest in almost any attempt to contact a spirit that another person has come in contact with and evoked".<<< Hardly. A spirit is as real as you or I, and, as such, has both a subjective and an objective reality to it. If both you and I where to try to remember a specific scene from our mutual past, and then individually put that down onto paper. Then both accounts may be very similar to one another, or very different. These differences might have to do with the state of mind either of us whas in when this specific memory was encoded: where we happy, sad, joyful, inebriated, etc. These are the filters through which the objective reality of such a scene passes through in order to become subjective. Similarly, when two different people, with two different mindsets, goals, beliefs and so forth, come in contact with another person, their experiences and opinions of that person may be quite similar or different from one another. Not only depending upon their own views and expectations, but also upon the views and expectations of the other person as well. When talking and conversing with one person I may act in a certian way because I have known them for a very long time. Yet in the company of another person that I barely know, I might act in an entierly different manner. >>>If the entities exist only as a manifestation of individual expectations and filters, perhaps they exist only within the individual? If an entity has certain observable 'truths' separate from the observer, then surely one person's account is useful - in the broad sense if not in the details?<< To the scholar that has not reached the work of step 8 or 9, then yes, most entities will exist only as a manifestation of their own psyche and any work done at this level will be little more than psychotherapy. I say most of the time due to the fact that there will always be the odd case in which the untrained scholar will somehow manage to wind up in contact with a spirit that has an independent life of its own. One such case happened when I was going through the work of step one and translating an online copy of PME from German to English when one of the sigils of the Venus sphere called out to me. I meditated upon the seal that Bardon puts forth and came in contact with some sort of spirit that, once the contact was stable enough to converse with the spirit, she essentially said, "Bugger off. You're not ready to come in contact with the likes of me. Go back to your studies and start at the beginning." Then, finially, almost like an afterthought, she added, "And meditate upon Love." A meditation that I consider to be very important for one's development in Hermetics and Kabbalah. Also, at the of this initial contact, I worked on the assumption that I would be contacting a portion of my own psyche. Even though, at this point in time I have gone back and made contact again, and found that this spirit is inded something seperate from me. Yet, regardless; if the scholar learns something valuable from a hidden portion of their own psyche, or from another spirit, both can potentially bear good fruit. >>>It seems to me that when one is genuinely working at this level, the ego is largely to one side, and any filters or personal perceptions are necessarily absent and therefore irrelevant. In short, one does not perceive these things through the ego-self.<<< That sounds about right. The scholar that has worked up through to step 8 is working with the direct perception of essential meaning, as Rawn calls it, when in contact with a spirit. Which is one of the reasons why Bardon puts the work of evocation and Kabbalah at such a late stage in the scholars progression along the path of Hermetics. Love and Live well, Peter Reist