mj, It has been my experience that Thought Control is exactly what you say vipassana is, "fully present attention on everything that arises in the mental field," with the aim to "see things as they are." It has been precisely my desire to treat the exercise as merely a stepping stone to greater deeds, a way of "producing specific changes through the use of effort and intention," that has given me great difficulty with this exercise that is, if anything, about thought observation and not control. Returning again and again to this exercise has taught me how to see things more clearly and with less attachment. I see no real difference between the techniques of Thought Control and vipassana other than the specification of an object of concentration in the latter; the apparent difference, I believe, is in presentation -- I think Bardon tended to describe end- states without detailing as much the intervening territory or the process, whereas Buddhism is full of detailed instruction -- and more in overall philosophical emphasis, as you mentioned. Either way it seems very valuable to me and I can understand why it is one of the first things in Bardon's system and a primary practice of Buddhism. David