Rawn's essay was quite insightful. I liked it a lot for the theoretical aspects and connotations it gives to "black and white" .... as an historian, however, I've always held to a different viewpoint .. which is reflected in this old post which I repeat here ... Red and Yellow, Black and White: It's all Magic in God's Sight The problem of defining "Black Magic" (an its purported opposite, White Magic) obviously lies in the prevalent confusions of definitions. Most modern writers seem to distinguish between "white" and "black" magic on the basis of the moral or ethical component of the mage's intent ( Ironically, most of the writers who make such a distinction also adhere to the modern fallacy that good and evil are basically chimera created by human perceptions and culture). Classically, however, this was not the case in technical treatises on the subject (such treatises today known as grimmories). Black magic implied either the forceful conjuration of spirits, entities, and energies ( It was assumed that these beings would be hostile, or at the very least extremely hazardous, to the conjuror) or the deliberate invocation and cooperation with if not submission to "demons" perceived to be malign powers. Thus, goetia and necromancy tend to be the most common foci of "black magic" works. Indeed, some writers speculate that "necromancy" by corruption into "nigromancy" is even the origin of the term "Black Magic." "White Magic," on the other hand, dealt with those mystical attributes and correspondences present and already active in nature. This would include the evocation of angels, faeries, and planetary intelligences, as the mage would simply be inviting the voluntary participation of those benign forces already at work in harmony with the mage's purpose. Typically, however, it relied upon the creation of talismen and amulets charged with sacred names, characters, magic squares, and so forth combined with herbs, astrological forces, and "charms." Notice, that this contains no moral qualifications. The medieval monk or the priest seeking to control and to banish the evil spirits would be doing "black" magic. Many medieval grimmories are clearly influenced by the Church's exorcism rites. Further, in their environment, such workings often tended to be a very effective psychological healing tool. On the other hand, the pharmacist mixing potions to drive people crazy, to overwhelm girls with lust, or to poison the client's targets was doing pure white magic!! Where I suspect, but cannot prove, the crossover into the moral criteria occurred lies in the nature of theurgic magic. Most Black Magic was also theurgic. However, the ultimate base of the conjuror's authority might not be the benign Deity. Indeed, many folks in every age are willing to make compacts with malign beings in order to gain power over others (which is the historical meaning of most words translated into English as "witch"). Furthermore, the "black magicians" inevitably filled their environment with the resonances of vile or disordered personalities. Thus Black Magic, to those outside the occult practice, took on the connotation of working with and for devils not binding or healing them!!! >From this, it is a small step to say that black magic has the intent of harming others. Alas, that's typical popular perception, and just like the hysteria over nuclear power is clearly illogical in many of its perceptions and responses. Moreover, it was fueled in historical times by racial and cultural prejudice. Much of the lore of goetia is derived from Arabic and Indian sources, both considered "blackamoors" by the Europeans. Further, their religions were portrayed by popular propaganda as perverse at best and evil at their core. Hence "black magic" implied one derived from these "evil" sources a "dark power." A further problem here lies in the fact that White Magic, as defined here, inevitably decays into technology. This has two major repercussions on the meaning given it in this essay. As folks tend to shy away from the deeper awareness and growth, fixating on the surface of a reliable procedure, as technology does, they tend to ignore the spiritual context and consequences of their actions. Violating a river spirit with pollution is dangerous to you, as that spirit will rise against it! Violating a mighty river with technologically marvelous bindings but not with spiritual covenants results in burst dykes and ruined towns. Violating the sacred union of the elements results in Atom Bombs .... and so on. Then, as folks rely on their decayed White Magic to run or to ruin their lives, they look to more of the same to fix the problems they're creating. Moreover, they tend to deplore those who present spiritually derived responses to the situation. To me, this seems like offering a drowning man a drink! Now, if you'll excuse me, one of the stray spaniels seems to have elf shot in her paw. I'll need to research the proper herbs, from which I hope to make a tincture to drive the elf shot out of the poor creature and to burn so that in their smudge will either drive off the malicious sprite or make it behave! A veterinarian would probably give the bitch a shot (whose active ingredients are probably derived from those herbs). Since he wouldn't be looking to the spirit realm, he'd give me warnings about the dangers of my other many tattered refugees getting infected the same way. Hey, that operation above combines white and black magic, Makes one think .... Be Blest, Ambrose Hawk -- IN HOC MODO MILLIS FRANGITVR .